Give Me Liberty Ch 10

Notes: Give Me Liberty! An American History: Chapter 10

Eric Foner: Book Outline Notes for Give Me Liberty! An American History Second Edition

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• Notes: Affiliate 1
  
• Notes: Chapter two
  
• Notes: Chapter 3
  
• Notes: Chapter 4
  
• Notes: Chapter 7
  
• Notes: Chapter eight
  
• Notes: Chapter ix
  
• Notes: Chapter x
  
• Notes: Chapter 11
  
• Notes: Chapter 12
  
• Notes: Affiliate 13
  
• Notes: Chapter 14
  

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Chapter 10: Commonwealth in America (1814-1840)

Focus Questions

1. What were the social bases for the flourishing commonwealth of the early mid-19th century?
2. What efforts were fabricated in this flow to strengthen the economic integration of the nation?
3. What were the major expressions of nationalism and sectionalism in this catamenia?
4. In what ways did Andrew Jackson embody the democratic nationalism of this flow?
5. What was the Bank War and then primal to the Jacksonian period?

Democracy in America

1. Introduction

1. Andrew Jackson was sworn in (on three.4.1829). 20,000 ppl poured into the white house and destroyed a lot of things
2. Very polarized followers: he was either the most popular man nosotros'd ever known, or a tyrant. He was a cocky-made human being though

The Triumph of Democracy

1. Belongings and Democracy

1. Marketplace revolution and territorial expansion were intimately connect with a 3rd element of AM freedom: political Democracy
2. Anybody insisted that they had the right to vote
3. Property requirements for voting slowly went abroad; the personal independence necessary in the citizen now rested non on ownership of property, merely on ownership of one'due south self

The Dorr War

1. Exception to tendency towards democratization = Rhode Island. It was a center of manufacturing plant production with property-less wage earners

Ratifiers of constitution formed a Peoples Convention, drafted a new const, enfranchised all adult white men, but President John Tyler sent troops to have out Thomas Dorr (governor) Tocqueville on Commonwealth

1. 1840: ninety% of white men could vote
2. Alexis T (Frenchman): wrote an account of the society amongst a political transformation
3. He noted that Democracy was crucial to American freedom
4. Democracy reinforced a sense of equality among those who belonged to the political nation

The Limits of Democracy

1. The precept that "the people ruled had become a universally accepted part of AM politics
2. As well, the "principle of universal suffrage", meant that "white males of ae constituted the political nation"....my question: how could it exist universal and barred from blacks and women?? ya it's not universal bra!

The Data Revolution

1. The application of steam power added to increased output in newspaper production
2. Low postal rates led to easier transfer of information: Each party demand to have some sort of control over newspapers to have whatever chance at all

Roll to Keep

Women and the public Sphere

1. They did have part in the reading public
2. Women deemed non intelligent enough (nor able to make their own decisions)j to practise political power.

A Racial Republic

1. "Equality" had go an American obsession
2. Racist imagery became the stock-in-trade of popular theatrical presentations (like minstrel shows" where white actors act like black ppl and be stupid)
3. In the revolutionary era, in that location was an elaborate ideology of racial superiority and inferiority, just all blacks could vote in the northern states

Race and Class

1. Pennsylvania: raised the sum of money for blacks to vote to $250
2. America was described equally "a political community of white persons."
3. No state accorded gratuitous blacks what would be considered today equality nether the law. Race replaced grade as the ppl who were entitled to political liberty
4. Voting was central to the meaning of freedom...something to note: White male immigrants could vote in some states nearly from the moment they landed in AM, while nearly all free blacks could non vote at all

Nationalism and its Discontents

1. The American System

1. The War of 1812 fought to a depict and inspired tons of AM pride.
2. The AM gov didn't accept a money arrangement afterwards, though. Information technology lacked a uniform currency, making information technology difficult to heighten funds for the war endeavor
3. Likewise, transportation was inefficient at the time
4. The AM System was put forward past James Madison, and coined by Henry Clay. It rested on 3 pillars

1. A new national bank
2. A tariff on imported manufactured appurtenances to protect industry, and
3. Federal financing of improved roads and canals

Gov sponsored "internal improvements" were the nigh controversial part of the program. The other ii parts, however, became law Banks and Money

1. Second Banking company of the United States became the focus of public resentment: it was a private, turn a profit-making corporation that served as the gov'southward financial agent
2. Banks often printed far coin money than the specie in the vaults, so the value of paper currency fluctuated wildly

The Panic of 1819

1. Basically, land speculators got huge loans from banks to buy western land, then country prices went down, so many land speculators and other ppl had to declare bankruptcy

The Politics of the Panic

1. Severely disrupted the political harmony of the previous years (lasted footling more than than a yr). Many ppl asked the sate and nat gov for aid
2. Ppl started to distrust the banks, believed that the Depository financial institution was responsible for the crisis
3. Several states began retaliating against the nat bank by taxing it's local branches
4. Marshall (Sup Ct) declared bank powers as "necessary and proper" laws

The Missouri Controversy

1. James Monroe defeated Rufus King for Pres in 1816 (last of the Virginia presidents)
2. Congress considered a request from Missouri, an area from the Louisiana Purchase, to class a const in preparation for admission to the Union as a land
3. James Tallmadge, Republican congressman from NY, moved that the introduction of farther slaves exist prohibited and that children of those already in Missouri be freed at historic period 25.

1. Information technology passed the Firm but died in the Senate

Maine was admitted into the Spousal relationship to maintain the sectional balance btwn costless and slave states Missouri presented to Congress its new constitution, which not only protected slavery only prohibited free blacks from inbound the land. A 2nd const was written to solve the trouble The Slavery Question

1. Thomas Jefferson tried to go along slavery out of Missouri
2. Missouri Controversy raised for the get-go time one fatal issue - westward expansion of slavery
3. Republicans provided the bulk of the votes against slavery in Missouri

Nation, Section, and Party

1. The Monroe Doctrine

1. Spain'south Latin American colonies rose in rebellion, and the rebellions inspired a wave of sympathy in the U.s.a.. Monroe administration became the first gov to extend diplomatic recognition to the new Latin American republics.
2. Monroe Doctrine had 3 principle:

1. The U.s. would oppose any further efforts of colonization by European powers in the Americas
2. The US would abjure from involvement in the wars of Europe, and
3. Monroe warned European powers not to interfere with the newly independent states of Latin America.

Sometimes called America'due south diplomatic declaration of independence The Ballot of 1824

1. Monroe Doctrine = rise sense of AM nationalism.
2. Election of 1824 = Only Andrew Jackson could claim truly national support. Crawford = South's Old Republicans (express gov and states rights), Clay = W. Andrew Jackson mainly won b/c of his military victories

1. Clay gave his support to Adams in order to get Sec of state

1. Known as the "Corrupt bargain" (bartering critical votes for piblic role

The Nationalism of John Quincy Adams

1. Adams = Started out life in warfare and politics, abandoned the Fed party
2. He wasn't a very engaging figure, and he wanted to increment AM commerce throughout the world

"Liberty is Power"

1. Adams set a comprehensive plan for an activist national state
2. Called for legislation promoting agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, and "the mechanical and elegant arts."
3. He received picayune support in Congress, and alarmed strict constructionist ppl

Martin Van Burren and the Autonomous Party

1. Van Burren represented the new political era
2. He said that political parties were a necessary and indeed desirable chemical element of political life
3. Political parties formed a bond of unity in a divided nation - Burren

The Election of 1828

1. Van Burren established the political apparatus of the Autonomous Political party, consummate due west/ local and country party units and a network of local newspapers devoted to the party.
2. 1828: volunteers chose the presidential electors (not legislature), and so voter turnout was high.
3. The U.s.a. had entered into the historic period of Jackson

The Age of Jackson

1. Intro

1. He was a homo of many contradictions, a stiff nationalists, and a human being of common beginnings (common man)

The Party Organization

1. At this point in fourth dimension, politics had go a form of entertainment
2. Politics seemed to enter into everything...Loyalty to the party was the principal qualification for political jobs
3. Jackson's Kitchen Cabinet - more often than not consisted of paper editors (they were an informal group of advisors who helped him write speeches

Democrats and Whigs

1. Cardinal elements of political argue were the gov'south stance towards banks, tariffs, currency, and internal improvements, and the balance of ability btwn national and state governments
2. Democrats tended to exist alarmed bu the widening gap btwn social classes, and they attracted the aspiring entrepreneurs
3. Whigs, however, were united backside the AM Organization. Northern colonies/states were more than for the Whigs

Public advertizing Private Freedom

1. Different definitions of fredom duing the Jacksonian flow

1. Democrats = freedom was a private entitlement best secured past local gov's and endangered past powerful national authority. Said weak nat authority = good
2. expenditures reduced a lot during JAckson's presidency, lowered tariff, killed the nat bank, and refused delight for federal assistance to internal improvements

Politics and Morality

1. Democrats = considered individual morality a individual matter, not a public concern
2. Whigs = Insisted that liberty and ability reinforced each other. Believed that liberty required a prosperous and moral America. Morality = important

1. Rejected the premise that gov must not interfere with private life.

South Carolina and Nullification

1. Andrew Jackson's tariff of 1828 created opposition in the South... called the "tariff of abominations" past South Carolina

1. The Legislature threatened to nullify it b/c they didn't like it
2. SC was controlled by large planters (land const gave them more power)

Calhoun'due south Political Theory

1. John C. Calhoun soon emerged equally the leading theorist of nullification
2. Calhoun described that the national government had been created past an understanding among sovereign states, each of which retained the right to prevent the enforcement of acts of Congress not specifically spelled out in the Constitution
3. Weightier matters shortly divided Calhoun (he was the Vice President for Jackson) and Jackson.
4. Calhoun eventually became a leader in states rights

The Nullification Crisis

1. It was not a purely sectional issue, SC stood alone during the crisis.

1. And Calhoun argued that it would ensure stability of a large, various nation

To Jackson, nullification amounted to nothing less that disunion

1. South Carolina declared a revenue enhancement on imported goods cypher and void, and so Jackson got Congress to enact a Force Pecker authorizing him to use the army and navy to college customs duties
2. It's ironic that Andrew Jackson did more that any other individual to give an emotional aura and offer willingness to go to war to preserve what he considered the national gov's legitimate powers

1. Even though he was a strong laic in states rights and limited gov!

Indian Removal

1. Indians tried to reclaim country in Illinois, but militiamen stopped them.
2. Expansion led to changing of Indian territory to slave territory
3. Indian Removal Act of 1830: Provided funds for uprooting the so called five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Chikasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminoles)

1. Jackson referred to Indians as "savages" and not able to be assimilated

The Supreme Court and the Indians

1. Said that Indians were not owners of the state; just had a "correct of occupancy"
2. Marshall believed strongly in the supremacy of the fed gov over the states, and then he ordered them out essentially. Indians had no choice but to exit.
3. Indians were forced to go to present day Oklahoma: Chosen the Trail of Tears

1. The Seminoles of Florida resisted, but the Second Seminole State of war forced them (virtually of them) to go east of the Mississippi

William Apess - fought for American and Indian friendship The Bank State of war and Afterwards

1. Birde'south Bank

1. Central Political Struggle in the Age of Jackson was the president's state of war of the United States
2. The bank symbolized the hopre and fears inspired past the marketplace revolution
3. HEading the Bank was Nicholas Biddle of Penn, who used the power of overissuing coin in lodge to create a stable currency throughout the nation

1. Many called it a Monster Banking concern

Jackson's veto message is perhaps the fundamental document of his presidency The Bank War reflected how Jackson enhanced the power of the presidency The Pet Banks and the Economy

1. "Pet banks" were created: Jackson authorized the removal of federal funds from its vaults and to eolith it into local banks
2. Roger B Taney appointed chief justice when John Marshall died
3. US Banking concern lost its ability to regulate the activity of land banks, then they issued more and more money
4. Prices thus rose dramatically, and wages were not rise fast enough to keep step

The Panic of 1837

1. Regime sold 20 million acres of federal state in 1836 (10x the amount in 1830)..gov started to only have gold and silverish for payment.

1. Similarly, BR was hesitant about AM'southward banking concern notes, so they merely accustomed gilded and silver as well

This all led to an economic collapse in the Usa (Panic of 1837), followed by a depression that lasted until 1843 Van Burren in Office

1. Martin Van Burren was forced to deal with the ballot (Whig)
2. His administration removed federal funds from the pet banks and held them in the Treasury Department in Washington

1. Making funds unavailable to use for investment would have dampened economic growth had not the discovery of gilded in California happened

Autonomous political party was split over the Independent Treasury

1. Agrestal types favored Van Burren
2. Business-Oriented favored the state banks, then they did Non like Van Burren

The Election of 1840

1. Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison (w/out a platform, champion of the common human)

1. His running mate was John Tyler (states-rights guy)

Harrison won a sweeping victory In this election, selling the images was as of import as the positions for which they stood "His Accidency"

1. Whig success proved brusk-lived: Harrison got pneumonia and died a month after taking office. John Tyler succeeded him
2. John Tyler was also called the Executive Ass..haha! this was b/c he vetoed nearly everything
3. He had no political party behind him, so he accomplished practically nil
4. Great mode to end the affiliate!

Review Questions

1. Ho did John Quincy Adams envision the Us becoming the "freest and mightiest nation in the globe"?
2. How did Democrats and Whigs differ in their understanding of American freedom and its relationship to governmental power?
3. What were the main characteristics of the "American System"?
4. What were the main arguments for and confronting Indian removal?
5. How did the Missouri Compromise and the nullification crunch demonstrate increasing sectional differences in antebellum America?

BEFORE You lot GO!

Delight experience free to comment and/or like/share this page. Thanks so much for reading. And last merely not least, please support the sponsors of this page. Cheers AGAIN!

oscar on Nov 12, 2014:

what does BR stand for

Bane on Oct 28, 2012:

Thank yous and so much!!!

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